Sila National Park

Sila Overview

Sila National Park, known in Italian as Parco Nazionale della Sila, is a vast protected area located in the Calabria region of southern Italy. Covering approximately 283 square miles (732 square kilometers), the park is situated within the Sila Massif, a mountainous plateau characterized by its dense forests, rolling hills, and pristine lakes.

The park extends across the provinces of Cosenza, Catanzaro, and Crotone, offering a diverse landscape that showcases the natural beauty of Calabria. Established in 1997, Sila National Park protects one of the most significant biodiversity hotspots in Italy, preserving a wide variety of flora and fauna while providing visitors with opportunities to explore its rugged terrain and serene landscapes.

The park’s terrain is dominated by high-altitude plateaus, deep valleys, and expansive woodlands, making it one of the most forested areas in Italy. Towering beech and pine forests, particularly the iconic Pinus nigra calabrica (Calabrian black pine), define much of the landscape, some of which are centuries old.

Among its most notable geographic features are Mount Botte Donato, the highest peak in the park at 6,325 feet (1,928 meters), and the stunning Lake Arvo, a picturesque reservoir surrounded by forested slopes. Other prominent lakes include Lake Ampollino and Lake Cecita, both of which add to the park’s serene and unspoiled atmosphere.

Rolling meadows and open grasslands contrast with the dense woodlands, providing a varied and scenic environment for both wildlife and visitors.

Sila National Park is home to a remarkable array of wildlife, many of which are emblematic of the Mediterranean and Apennine regions. The park is a refuge for several species of large mammals, including the Italian wolf (Canis lupus italicus), which serves as a symbol of conservation efforts in the region. Other mammals found in the park include wild boars, roe deer, European badgers, and red foxes.

The park is also an important habitat for bird species, particularly birds of prey such as the golden eagle, peregrine falcon, and Eurasian sparrowhawk. Woodpeckers, Eurasian jays, and owls can often be spotted among the dense trees, while various waterbirds thrive in the park’s lakes and wetlands. This diversity makes Sila a fantastic destination for birdwatchers and wildlife enthusiasts seeking to observe these species in their natural habitats.

One of the most popular features of Sila National Park is its dense ancient forests, particularly the Giganti della Sila (Giants of Sila), a collection of towering Calabrian pines that date back over 350 years. These trees, some of which reach heights of nearly 130 feet (40 meters), are among the most striking natural wonders of the park.

In addition to its natural attractions, the park contains historical and cultural sites, including traditional villages that reflect Calabria’s rich heritage. Visitors often explore towns such as Camigliatello Silano and San Giovanni in Fiore, where they can experience local cuisine, artisan crafts, and centuries-old monasteries.

Visitors to Sila National Park have various ways to experience its landscapes and wildlife. Hiking and trekking are among the most popular activities, with numerous trails winding through forests, meadows, and mountain ridges.

Cyclists and mountain bikers also take advantage of the well-maintained paths, while equestrian trails offer a unique way to explore the park. In winter, the park transforms into a destination for snow sports, with opportunities for cross-country skiing and snowshoeing. The lakes provide settings for fishing, kayaking, and other water activities, ensuring year-round recreation for nature lovers.

Sila National Park has faced conservation challenges, particularly in balancing human activities with wildlife protection. Illegal hunting, deforestation, and climate change pose threats to the park’s delicate ecosystems.

However, conservation efforts, including habitat restoration projects and wildlife monitoring, have contributed to the successful preservation of species like the Italian wolf. Sustainable tourism initiatives aim to educate visitors on the importance of environmental stewardship, ensuring that the park remains a sanctuary for generations to come.

Park Map

Sila National Park Highlights

Wildlife

Sila National Park, located in the Calabria region of southern Italy, is a stunning expanse of mountains, forests, and lakes that hosts a diverse range of wildlife. The park is home to numerous mammals, reptiles, and amphibians that thrive in its lush ecosystems. Below are some of the most notable species that inhabit Sila National Park.

Italian Wolf (Canis lupus italicus)
A symbol of wild Italy, the Italian wolf is the park’s top predator. It plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance by controlling herbivore populations. These elusive animals are known for their intelligence and strong social structures within packs.

Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)
The wild boar is one of the most commonly seen mammals in the park. These robust creatures have a strong sense of smell and are highly adaptable, foraging for roots, fruits, and small animals in the forested areas.

European Wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris)
Slightly larger than a domestic cat, the European wildcat is a rare and secretive carnivore that roams Sila’s forests. It has a thick coat and distinctive black stripes, helping it blend into the dense undergrowth.

Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra)
Thriving in the park’s lakes and rivers, the Eurasian otter is an agile swimmer that preys on fish and amphibians. Its presence is an indicator of clean and healthy water ecosystems.

Calabrian Black Squirrel (Sciurus meridionalis)
Native to southern Italy, this unique squirrel species has jet-black fur and is an essential part of the park’s forest ecosystem, helping to spread tree seeds as it forages.

Apennine Hare (Lepus corsicanus)
Distinct from the more common European hare, the Apennine hare is endemic to Italy. It prefers open woodland and grasslands, where it feeds on vegetation and remains wary of predators like foxes and raptors.

European Pine Marten (Martes martes)
This agile and elusive predator is a master climber, preying on small mammals, birds, and insects. Its thick, chocolate-brown fur and distinctive throat patch make it easy to recognize.

Asp Viper (Vipera aspis)
One of Italy’s most well-known venomous snakes, the asp viper can be found in rocky and forested areas. Although it prefers to avoid humans, it plays a vital role in controlling rodent populations.

Fire Salamander (Salamandra salamandra)
With its striking black body and bright yellow markings, the fire salamander is one of Sila’s most eye-catching amphibians. It thrives in the park’s damp forests and is active mostly at night.

Western Green Lizard (Lacerta bilineata)
This bright green reptile is commonly seen basking on rocks or darting through undergrowth. It feeds on insects and small invertebrates and is an important part of the local food chain.

Birds

Sila National Park is a haven for birdwatchers, offering a mix of mountainous and forested landscapes that attract a wide variety of bird species. From majestic raptors to vibrant songbirds, the park supports a rich avian biodiversity.

Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)
A top predator in the skies, the golden eagle soars over Sila’s mountainous terrain, using its keen eyesight to hunt rabbits, hares, and small mammals.

Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus)
This small but fast raptor is an expert at ambushing birds in flight. It navigates the dense forests of Sila with impressive agility.

Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo)
One of the most widespread raptors in Europe, the common buzzard is often seen circling above open areas, scanning for prey such as rodents and reptiles.

Tawny Owl (Strix aluco)
A nocturnal hunter of the forest, the tawny owl is well-camouflaged and recognized by its deep hooting calls at night. It preys on small mammals, birds, and insects.

European Green Woodpecker (Picus viridis)
Easily identified by its green plumage and loud, laughing call, this woodpecker is commonly seen in Sila’s forests, where it drills into tree bark to find insects.

Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major)
Another woodpecker species in the park, the great spotted woodpecker has black and white plumage with a red undertail. It feeds on insects, nuts, and seeds.

Eurasian Jay (Garrulus glandarius)
A colorful and intelligent member of the crow family, the Eurasian jay plays a vital role in seed dispersal, particularly for oak trees.

Western Jackdaw (Coloeus monedula)
Often found in small, noisy groups, jackdaws are highly social birds that feed on a variety of food sources, from insects to scraps left by humans.

Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)
This small falcon is famous for its ability to hover in midair while searching for prey such as mice, lizards, and large insects.

Woodlark (Lullula arborea)
A bird with a beautiful, melodic song, the woodlark prefers open areas with scattered trees and can often be heard singing during spring and summer.

Sila National Park’s incredible biodiversity makes it a paradise for wildlife enthusiasts and birdwatchers alike, offering a glimpse into the natural beauty of Italy’s southern wilderness.