Circeo National Park

Circeo Overview

Circeo National Park, known in Italian as Parco Nazionale del Circeo, is located in the Lazio region of central Italy, along the Tyrrhenian Sea. Covering approximately 21 square miles (55 square kilometers), the park was established in 1934 and is one of the oldest protected areas in Italy.

Unlike many national parks that are centered around mountainous terrain, Circeo National Park is unique in that it preserves one of the last remaining portions of the Pontine Marshes, an area rich in biodiversity and historical significance.

The park extends from the coastal dunes and beaches along the sea to the promontory of Mount Circeo, which rises to 1,775 feet (541 meters) and dominates the landscape. The terrain also includes forests, wetlands, and small islands, making it an ecologically diverse area.

The park’s landscape is characterized by a mix of coastal and inland ecosystems. The sandy beaches along the Tyrrhenian coast transition into a belt of ancient sand dunes, which give way to the Mediterranean maquis vegetation, a mix of shrubs, evergreen trees, and aromatic plants such as myrtle, rosemary, and juniper.

One of the most prominent features is Mount Circeo, a limestone promontory that is steeped in mythology and is said to have been the home of the enchantress Circe from Homer’s Odyssey.

Beyond the mountain, the park includes extensive wetlands, including Lake Paola, one of the four coastal lakes that provide crucial habitat for a variety of species. The forested area, known as the Selva di Circe, is one of the largest remaining lowland forests in Italy and is home to ancient oaks, cork trees, and wild pines.

Circeo National Park is a haven for wildlife, hosting a wide array of species that thrive in its varied ecosystems. The park is home to wild boar, foxes, European badgers, and hedgehogs, while smaller mammals such as dormice and weasels are also common in the dense forests.

Birdwatchers are particularly drawn to the wetlands, where they can spot flamingos, herons, egrets, and cormorants. Raptors such as peregrine falcons, kestrels, and buzzards can be seen soaring over the cliffs of Mount Circeo. The coastal waters also provide a habitat for marine species, including dolphins and a variety of fish.

Visitors to Circeo National Park have many ways to experience its natural beauty. Hiking and trekking trails crisscross the park, with routes leading up Mount Circeo providing breathtaking panoramic views of the Tyrrhenian Sea and the surrounding coastline. Cycling and horseback riding are popular in the Selva di Circe, where shaded paths wind through the forest.

The park’s wetlands and lakes are ideal for canoeing and kayaking, offering a chance to explore the serene waterways and observe wildlife up close. The beaches provide opportunities for swimming and sunbathing, while the surrounding sea is excellent for snorkeling and diving. Additionally, the park’s history and legends make it a fascinating destination for cultural exploration, with archaeological sites such as the Grotta Guattari cave, where Neanderthal remains were discovered.

Conservation efforts in Circeo National Park have been focused on preserving its delicate ecosystems, particularly the wetlands, which are vital for migratory birds. The park has successfully restored parts of the Pontine Marshes that were drained in the early 20th century, bringing back native flora and fauna.

However, challenges remain, including habitat fragmentation, pollution, and climate change. Efforts to manage tourism sustainably and control invasive species are ongoing to ensure that the park remains a refuge for wildlife and a place of natural beauty for future generations.

Park Map

Circeo National Park Highlights

Wildlife

Birds

Circeo National Park is an essential habitat for numerous bird species, especially those dependent on wetlands, forests, and coastal dunes. It is a significant stopover site for migratory birds and a breeding ground for many resident species.

Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus)
These elegant wading birds can be found in the park’s wetlands, particularly during migration. They feed on small aquatic organisms using their specialized beaks to filter food from the water.

Western Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus)
A bird of prey that soars over marshlands in search of small mammals and birds, the Western marsh harrier is a key predator in maintaining the balance of wetland ecosystems.

Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)
Recognizable by its slender body and white plumage, the little egret is often seen wading through shallow waters, hunting for fish and invertebrates.

Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea)
One of the most common large wading birds in the park, the grey heron stands still for long periods before striking swiftly to catch fish, amphibians, and small mammals.

European Bee-eater (Merops apiaster)
A vibrantly colored bird that feeds primarily on insects, especially bees and wasps. Its acrobatic flight and striking appearance make it a favorite among birdwatchers.

Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis)
This small, bright blue and orange bird is often seen perched near water bodies, where it dives rapidly to catch fish. It is an indicator of healthy aquatic ecosystems.

Eurasian Hoopoe (Upupa epops)
With its distinctive crest and unique call, the Eurasian hoopoe is a striking bird found in open areas of the park. It feeds on insects and larvae, using its long, curved bill to probe the soil.

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)
One of the fastest birds in the world, the peregrine falcon hunts by diving at high speeds to catch prey mid-air. It is often seen soaring above the park’s cliffs and coastal areas.

Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus)
A skilled and agile hunter, the Eurasian sparrowhawk preys on small birds, often ambushing them in flight. It is a key species in controlling avian populations.

Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus)
With its long, thin legs and black-and-white plumage, this wader is commonly found in the park’s shallow wetlands, feeding on insects and small aquatic creatures.

Circeo National Park’s diverse ecosystems provide a sanctuary for these remarkable species, making it a paradise for wildlife enthusiasts and birdwatchers alike.