Salamajärvi National Park

Salamajärvi Overview

Salamajärvi National Park, known locally as Salamajärven kansallispuisto, is a protected natural area in central Finland, covering approximately 23 square miles (60 square kilometers).

The park, located in the municipalities of Kivijärvi and Perho in the Central Ostrobothnia region, is known for its pristine wilderness, extensive mire systems, and rugged pine forests. Established in 1982, the park is part of the larger Suomenselkä watershed and plays a critical role in protecting the unique biodiversity of Finland’s northern boreal forests and wetlands.

The landscape of Salamajärvi National Park is characterized by vast mires, rocky ridges, and old-growth pine forests. The terrain is shaped by the last Ice Age, leaving behind eskers, kettle holes, and erratic boulders that dot the park.

Wetlands dominate much of the scenery, creating a dynamic ecosystem where different vegetation thrives, including sphagnum moss, cloudberries, and dwarf birches. The park’s namesake, Lake Salamajärvi, is surrounded by dense woodlands, offering a picturesque setting of small islets and tranquil waters. In addition to its marshy areas, the park also features dry, rugged pine forests where ancient, gnarled trees have stood for centuries.

Wildlife in Salamajärvi National Park is diverse, with the park being particularly renowned for its population of wild forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus). This rare subspecies of reindeer, once nearly extinct in Finland, has found refuge in the park’s remote wilderness. Other notable mammals include elk, lynx, and wolverines, though these elusive predators are rarely seen.

Red foxes, mountain hares, and pine martens are more commonly encountered along the park’s trails. Birdlife is abundant, with species such as black grouse, western capercaillie, and whooper swans inhabiting the park’s wetlands and forests. Raptors like the northern goshawk and Eurasian eagle-owl can sometimes be spotted soaring above the tree line, adding to the park’s rich avian diversity.

One of the park’s most popular attractions is the Hirvaan kierros, a circular hiking trail that spans approximately 36 kilometers, guiding visitors through the park’s varied landscapes. This route offers a mix of boardwalks over marshy terrain and forest paths leading to scenic viewpoints and rustic wilderness huts where hikers can rest.

The Kalmojärvi lean-to shelters and fire pits provide ideal spots for a break, with opportunities to observe wildlife and enjoy the serene beauty of the park. Visitors can also explore shorter trails, such as the Peuran polku, which extends beyond the park and connects with a broader network of hiking routes in the region.

Salamajärvi National Park is a destination for outdoor enthusiasts, with activities ranging from hiking and birdwatching to fishing and snowshoeing. In winter, the landscape transforms into a pristine snow-covered wonderland, offering excellent opportunities for cross-country skiing and ice fishing on frozen lakes.

The park’s lakes and streams are home to fish species like perch and pike, attracting anglers looking for a peaceful retreat in nature. Due to its remote location, the park also offers excellent conditions for stargazing, with minimal light pollution allowing for clear night skies, and occasionally, the northern lights.

Despite its relative isolation, Salamajärvi National Park faces conservation challenges, particularly concerning habitat preservation for the wild forest reindeer. Conservation efforts have been successful in stabilizing the reindeer population, thanks to protective measures and controlled human activity in key breeding areas.

Climate change and forestry activities outside the park pose additional threats, requiring ongoing management and collaboration with local communities to ensure the long-term protection of its unique ecosystems. The park remains an essential stronghold for Finland’s boreal biodiversity, offering visitors a glimpse into the country’s untouched natural beauty.

Park Map

Salamajärvi National Park Highlights

Wildlife

Birds

Salamajärvi National Park is also home to a variety of fascinating bird species, many of which thrive in the taiga forests and wetland habitats. The park provides excellent opportunities for birdwatching, especially during migration seasons.

Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)
This majestic bird of prey soars over the park’s open landscapes, hunting small mammals and birds. It is a powerful predator with keen eyesight and impressive hunting skills.

Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
Often seen hovering over lakes, the osprey is a skilled fisherman that dives into the water to catch its prey. Its presence indicates a healthy aquatic ecosystem.

Black Woodpecker (Dryocopus martius)
One of the largest woodpecker species in Europe, the black woodpecker is easily recognized by its striking black plumage and red crown. It plays a key role in the ecosystem by creating nesting holes used by other species.

Common Crane (Grus grus)
This elegant bird is a symbol of Finland’s wilderness. Cranes are often found in the park’s wetlands and perform spectacular mating dances in spring.

Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus)
A signature bird of Finnish forests, the capercaillie is famous for its elaborate courtship display, during which males fan their tails and produce deep, resonant calls.

Eurasian Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium passerinum)
The smallest owl in Europe, this tiny predator hunts small birds and mammals. It is active during the day and can be found in coniferous forests.

Ural Owl (Strix uralensis)
A larger nocturnal owl with piercing eyes and a haunting call, the Ural owl inhabits old forests and hunts rodents, birds, and small mammals.

Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus)
Finland’s national bird, the whooper swan, is often seen on the park’s lakes. It is known for its powerful, trumpeting calls and graceful movements.

Black-throated Loon (Gavia arctica)
This striking waterbird is known for its eerie, haunting calls. It nests on remote lakes and is an excellent diver, catching fish underwater.

Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)
A secretive and powerful bird of prey, the goshawk is an expert hunter of woodland birds and mammals. It flies through dense forests with great agility.

Salamajärvi National Park is a fantastic destination for wildlife enthusiasts, offering a glimpse into Finland’s rich biodiversity, from large mammals to rare birds thriving in the boreal wilderness.

Salamajärvi National Park, located in central Finland, is known for its vast mires, pine forests, and rugged landscapes. It provides an important refuge for many northern species, especially those adapted to the taiga and boreal environments. The park is a key habitat for rare and protected mammals and is particularly famous for its wild forest reindeer population.

Wild Forest Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus)
This elusive and rare subspecies of reindeer is one of the park’s most iconic animals. Unlike domesticated reindeer, wild forest reindeer are more slender, have longer legs, and are highly adapted to moving through dense forests. They were once nearly extinct in Finland but have been successfully reintroduced in protected areas like Salamajärvi.

Eurasian Elk (Alces alces)
Also known as moose, these large herbivores roam the park’s forests and wetlands. They are excellent swimmers and can often be spotted near lakes and bogs. Their diet consists mainly of twigs, bark, and aquatic plants.

Wolverine (Gulo gulo)
One of Finland’s most elusive predators, the wolverine is a powerful scavenger and hunter. Though rarely seen due to its secretive nature, it plays a crucial role in maintaining the ecosystem’s balance.

European Otter (Lutra lutra)
This semi-aquatic mammal thrives in the park’s streams and lakes. With its sleek fur and webbed feet, the otter is well adapted for swimming and hunting fish.

Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
A common predator in the park, the red fox is highly adaptable and can be found in various habitats. It preys on small mammals, birds, and carrion while also scavenging when necessary.

Brown Bear (Ursus arctos)
Though not commonly spotted, the brown bear is present in the park’s vast wilderness. As omnivores, they feed on berries, insects, fish, and even small mammals.

Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides)
Originally an introduced species in Finland, raccoon dogs have spread widely across the country. They are nocturnal omnivores that feed on small animals, berries, and carrion.

European Hare (Lepus europaeus)
Unlike the smaller mountain hare, the European hare is larger and more adapted to open areas within the park. It is a key prey species for many predators.

Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) [included here as it is often mistaken for a mammal in flight]
This large, forest-dwelling bird is notable for its striking plumage and elaborate courtship displays. It prefers mature coniferous forests with dense undergrowth.

European Badger (Meles meles)
Badgers are nocturnal burrowers found in the park’s forests. They live in complex underground dens and are omnivorous, feeding on insects, roots, berries, and small mammals.

Birds

Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
Often seen hovering over lakes, the osprey is a skilled fisherman that dives into the water to catch its prey. Its presence indicates a healthy aquatic ecosystem.

Common Crane (Grus grus)
This elegant bird is a symbol of Finland’s wilderness. Cranes are often found in the park’s wetlands and perform spectacular mating dances in spring.

Eurasian Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium passerinum)
The smallest owl in Europe, this tiny predator hunts small birds and mammals. It is active during the day and can be found in coniferous forests.

Ural Owl (Strix uralensis)
A larger nocturnal owl with piercing eyes and a haunting call, the Ural owl inhabits old forests and hunts rodents, birds, and small mammals.

Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus)
Finland’s national bird, the whooper swan, is often seen on the park’s lakes. It is known for its powerful, trumpeting calls and graceful movements.

Black-throated Loon (Gavia arctica)
This striking waterbird is known for its eerie, haunting calls. It nests on remote lakes and is an excellent diver, catching fish underwater.

Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)
A secretive and powerful bird of prey, the goshawk is an expert hunter of woodland birds and mammals. It flies through dense forests with great agility.

Birds

Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
Often seen hovering over lakes, the osprey is a skilled fisherman that dives into the water to catch its prey. Its presence indicates a healthy aquatic ecosystem.

Common Crane (Grus grus)
This elegant bird is a symbol of Finland’s wilderness. Cranes are often found in the park’s wetlands and perform spectacular mating dances in spring.

Eurasian Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium passerinum)
The smallest owl in Europe, this tiny predator hunts small birds and mammals. It is active during the day and can be found in coniferous forests.

Ural Owl (Strix uralensis)
A larger nocturnal owl with piercing eyes and a haunting call, the Ural owl inhabits old forests and hunts rodents, birds, and small mammals.

Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus)
Finland’s national bird, the whooper swan, is often seen on the park’s lakes. It is known for its powerful, trumpeting calls and graceful movements.

Black-throated Loon (Gavia arctica)
This striking waterbird is known for its eerie, haunting calls. It nests on remote lakes and is an excellent diver, catching fish underwater.

Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)
A secretive and powerful bird of prey, the goshawk is an expert hunter of woodland birds and mammals. It flies through dense forests with great agility.