Minneriya National Park

Minneriya Overview

Minneriya National Park, located in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka, covers an area of approximately 33.8 square miles (88 square kilometers). It is known locally as “මිනේරියා ජාතික උයන” (Minneriya Jathika Uyana) and lies between the cultural triangle cities of Polonnaruwa, Anuradhapura, and Dambulla. Established in 1997, the park centers around the ancient Minneriya Tank, a reservoir built by King Mahasen in the 3rd century CE, which serves as a lifeline for the park’s diverse ecosystems during the dry season.

The terrain of Minneriya National Park is a blend of tropical dry forests, grasslands, wetlands, and rocky outcrops, offering a picturesque and varied landscape. The Minneriya Tank is the park’s centerpiece, surrounded by lush grasslands that transform into a thriving habitat for wildlife. During the rainy season, the reservoir fills with water, creating a serene wetland, while in the dry season, the exposed grasslands attract hundreds of animals. Towering trees like weera, satinwood, and palu dominate the forests, while shrubs and grass species provide ample ground cover. The park is also dotted with small streams and rocky surfaces, adding to its ecological diversity.

Wildlife is the heart of Minneriya National Park. It is famously known for “The Gathering,” a natural phenomenon where large herds of Asian elephants, sometimes numbering over 300, congregate around the reservoir during the dry season from July to September. This event is considered one of the world’s greatest wildlife spectacles. Apart from elephants, the park is home to a variety of mammals, including leopards, sloth bears, sambar deer, and toque macaques. Bird enthusiasts are drawn to Minneriya for its abundant avian life, including species like the painted stork, grey heron, Sri Lankan junglefowl, and the rare black-headed ibis. The wetlands also support diverse reptilian species, such as mugger crocodiles and Indian python.

Visitors to Minneriya often explore the park through guided jeep safaris, which provide close-up views of its diverse ecosystems and wildlife. Birdwatching is another popular activity, especially during the migratory season. Photography enthusiasts are captivated by the park’s unique landscapes and the dramatic scenes of elephants gathering by the reservoir. Beyond its natural beauty, the park’s proximity to cultural landmarks like Sigiriya and Polonnaruwa enhances its appeal, allowing visitors to combine wildlife adventures with cultural exploration.

Conservation efforts at Minneriya National Park have been met with both challenges and successes. The park faces threats from habitat loss due to agricultural expansion, human-wildlife conflict, and invasive plant species. However, ongoing efforts by the Sri Lankan Department of Wildlife Conservation aim to mitigate these impacts through habitat restoration, community engagement, and sustainable tourism practices. The protection of the Minneriya Tank as a critical water source has been pivotal in sustaining the park’s ecosystem. These initiatives ensure that the park continues to thrive as a sanctuary for wildlife and a haven for visitors.

Park Map

Minneriya National Park Highlights

Wildlife

Minneriya National Park, located in Sri Lanka, is renowned for its lush landscapes and abundant wildlife, particularly during the famous “Gathering,” where large herds of elephants congregate around the park’s ancient reservoir. Visitors are drawn to its rich biodiversity and the opportunity to witness remarkable wildlife up close. Below are some of the popular species that make Minneriya National Park a wildlife haven.

Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus)
The Asian elephant is the park’s star attraction, with herds gathering at the Minneriya Tank during the dry season. These majestic creatures are vital to the park’s ecosystem and a highlight for visitors.

Leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya)
This elusive predator, a subspecies endemic to Sri Lanka, roams the dense forests and grasslands of Minneriya. Though spotting one is rare, it’s an unforgettable experience.

Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus)
Known for its shaggy coat and long snout, the sloth bear inhabits the park’s forested areas. It primarily feeds on termites and fruits.

Golden Jackal (Canis aureus)
The golden jackal is a common sight in Minneriya. These intelligent and social animals are often seen hunting or scavenging in small packs.

Mugger Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris)
This freshwater crocodile can be found basking along the shores of the Minneriya Tank. It plays a crucial role in the park’s aquatic ecosystems.

Indian Star Tortoise (Geochelone elegans)
Known for its beautifully patterned shell, this small tortoise is often spotted in the grasslands of Minneriya.

Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata)
A nocturnal and highly secretive species, the Indian pangolin is occasionally seen in Minneriya. Its unique scales provide protection from predators.

Sambar Deer (Rusa unicolor)
These large deer are frequently seen grazing in open areas of the park. They are a key prey species for leopards.

Spotted Deer (Axis axis)
Also known as chital, these graceful deer are abundant in the park and often spotted in groups near water sources.

Indian Rock Python (Python molurus)
This non-venomous snake, known for its impressive size, is often found in the park’s wetlands and grasslands.

Birds

Minneriya National Park is also home to an array of bird species, making it a paradise for birdwatchers. Below are some of the popular birds that can be spotted in the park.

Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala)
This striking wader is known for its colorful plumage and long legs. It frequents the park’s wetlands, hunting for fish.

Asian Openbill (Anastomus oscitans)
Recognizable by the gap in its bill, this bird is commonly seen foraging in shallow waters for mollusks and other prey.

Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea)
A tall and elegant bird, the grey heron is a common sight in the park’s wetland areas, where it hunts for fish and amphibians.

Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis)
This large water bird is often seen in groups, gliding gracefully over the Minneriya Tank or resting on its shores.

Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus)
Known for its striking chestnut plumage and white head, this bird of prey is often seen soaring over the park, searching for fish or carrion.

Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela)
This majestic raptor can often be heard before it is seen, with its piercing calls echoing through the park. It preys on snakes and small mammals.

Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea)
The purple heron, with its reddish-brown and purple hues, is commonly found near the water, where it stalks fish and amphibians.

Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus)
This wading bird, with its striking black head and white body, is often seen foraging in the park’s marshy areas.

Little Cormorant (Microcarbo niger)
This small, dark waterbird is frequently seen diving in the Minneriya Tank for fish or perched on tree branches to dry its wings.

Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis)
With its vibrant blue and orange plumage, the common kingfisher is a delightful sight, often found near water bodies hunting for fish.