Kumana National Park

Kumana Overview

Kumana National Park, locally known as Kumana Rasthiyaka Uyana, is one of Sri Lanka’s most renowned wildlife sanctuaries, situated in the Eastern Province. Covering an area of approximately 141 square miles (365 square kilometers), the park is located southeast of Arugam Bay and forms part of the eastern boundary of the larger Yala National Park. Established in 1938 and officially declared a national park in 1970, Kumana is a haven for biodiversity and a treasure trove of natural wonders. Its location near the Indian Ocean adds to its unique mix of coastal and inland ecosystems.

The terrain of Kumana is a mix of dry zone landscapes, with its most striking feature being the extensive network of wetlands, lagoons, and tanks that dominate the park. The Kumana Villu, a 200-hectare natural swamp that fills during the monsoon season, serves as a magnet for migratory birds and wildlife. The landscape also includes dense mangroves, thorny scrub jungles, open grasslands, and scattered rocky outcrops. Among its most prominent geographical features is the Kumbukkan Oya River, which flows through the park, and the towering Kudumbigala Rock Hermitage, an ancient monastery offering panoramic views of the surrounding wilderness.

Wildlife enthusiasts are drawn to Kumana for its vibrant diversity of species. The park is especially famous for its avian population, with over 200 recorded bird species. During the migratory season, the park transforms into a bird-watcher’s paradise, attracting species like the black-necked stork, greater flamingo, and painted stork. Mammals such as elephants, leopards, and sloth bears roam the park, while spotted deer and wild boars are more frequently seen in the open plains. Reptiles, including mugger crocodiles and various snake species, thrive in the wetlands and forested areas. The park’s rich vegetation supports this abundance of wildlife, offering a mix of food sources and shelter.

Kumana’s popularity stems from its pristine beauty and opportunities for wildlife observation. The lagoons and villus serve as feeding and breeding grounds for birds, while safari tours provide visitors with a chance to witness the park’s iconic animals in their natural habitat. Photographers and nature lovers often seek out the secluded corners of the park, and the Kudumbigala Rock Hermitage offers both a cultural and spiritual experience.

Visitors can explore Kumana through guided jeep safaris, which navigate the park’s rugged terrain and allow access to prime wildlife-watching spots. Seasonal birdwatching tours are particularly popular, as are treks to historical sites within the park boundaries. While the park remains a serene retreat, conservation challenges such as illegal fishing, poaching, and habitat encroachment have posed threats to its delicate ecosystems. However, initiatives led by the Sri Lankan government and local conservationists have yielded successes, including reforestation efforts and increased patrols to curb illegal activities.

Kumana National Park is a testament to Sri Lanka’s commitment to preserving its rich biodiversity and offers an unforgettable experience for those seeking to connect with the natural world.

Park Map

Kumana National Park Highlights

Wildlife

Birds

Kumana National Park is a paradise for bird enthusiasts, especially as it is located along a migratory route for many species. The park’s lagoons and mangroves attract a wide array of avian life, making it one of the most important bird sanctuaries in Sri Lanka.

Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala)
This large, colorful wader is commonly seen near water bodies. Its striking pink and white plumage and bright yellow beak make it easy to identify.

Spot-Billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis)
This medium-sized pelican is often seen fishing in Kumana’s lagoons. Its large bill with a spot near the tip and its cooperative hunting behavior are fascinating to watch.

Black-Necked Stork (Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus)
With its contrasting black and white plumage and long, red legs, this stork is an elegant resident of Kumana’s wetlands. It is a solitary feeder and a rare sight in Sri Lanka.

Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus)
This large stork with a bald head and heavy bill is a frequent visitor to Kumana’s marshes. It feeds on fish, reptiles, and small mammals, playing a vital role in the ecosystem.

Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis)
The common kingfisher adds a splash of color to Kumana with its brilliant blue and orange plumage. It can often be seen perched near water, diving to catch fish.

Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia)
This wading bird is recognizable by its long, spoon-shaped bill. It uses its unique bill to sift through water in search of small aquatic creatures.

Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea)
Known for its striking reddish-purple plumage, the purple heron is a shy bird often spotted in reed beds and marshes in Kumana.

Indian Cormorant (Phalacrocorax fuscicollis)
This dark-plumaged bird is a skilled swimmer, often seen diving for fish in the park’s lagoons. Its communal roosting habits make it a common sight in wetland areas.

Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus)
A spectacular sight in Kumana, the greater flamingo often gathers in large flocks, feeding in the park’s shallow lagoons. Its elegant stance and pinkish plumage are iconic.

White-Bellied Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster)
This majestic bird of prey is often seen soaring above Kumana’s waterways. With its striking white head and belly, it is a dominant presence in the park’s skies.