Flood Plains National Park

Flood Plains Overview

Flood Plains National Park in Sri Lanka, locally known as Jala Sancharana Jala Aranya Jathika Udyanaya, is an ecologically significant protected area that forms part of the Mahaweli River Development Project. Situated in the North Central Province near Polonnaruwa, the park covers approximately 144 square miles (373 square kilometers).

This lesser-known gem of Sri Lanka is characterized by its dynamic floodplain ecosystem, which serves as a vital natural buffer for water regulation and a biodiversity hotspot. Its terrain includes expansive wetlands, meandering rivers, oxbow lakes, grasslands, and patches of dry-zone forest, creating a rich mosaic of landscapes that transform dramatically with seasonal flooding.

The park’s primary geographical feature is the Mahaweli River, Sri Lanka’s longest river, which flows through the park and provides life-sustaining water to its ecosystems. The seasonal flooding replenishes the floodplains and creates fertile ground for vegetation, making the park a crucial grazing and breeding ground for wildlife. Dense riparian forests line the riverbanks, while lush grasslands dominate the plains, supporting a wide variety of plant and animal life.

Flood Plains National Park is home to an array of wildlife that thrives in its diverse habitats. Key mammal species include elephants, sambar deer, and water buffalo, which are frequently seen grazing in the open grasslands or bathing in water bodies. Smaller mammals such as fishing cats, otters, and mongoose also inhabit the park, taking advantage of the water-rich environment.

Birdwatching is particularly rewarding here, as the park is a haven for over 150 bird species. Iconic avian inhabitants include painted storks, black-headed ibises, and grey herons, while migratory birds such as Eurasian spoonbills and waders add to the diversity during certain seasons.

Visitors are often captivated by the tranquility and natural beauty of the park, with its serene waterways and vibrant wildlife activity. Popular features include the wetlands and lagoons that attract both resident and migratory bird species, offering unparalleled opportunities for birdwatching and photography. The park is also a critical link in the Mahaweli River corridor, connecting other nearby national parks such as Wasgamuwa and Minneriya, enhancing its ecological importance as a wildlife migration route.

The primary ways to experience Flood Plains National Park include guided safaris, which allow visitors to explore its diverse habitats and observe wildlife in their natural surroundings. Canoeing along the river is another unique way to enjoy the park, offering a quiet and immersive perspective on its aquatic ecosystems. Educational tours highlighting the park’s ecological role in water management and biodiversity conservation are also available, making it a meaningful destination for nature lovers and researchers.

The park faces conservation challenges, including habitat loss due to agricultural expansion, human-wildlife conflict, and illegal activities such as poaching. However, concerted efforts by Sri Lanka’s Department of Wildlife Conservation and local communities have yielded successes, such as habitat restoration projects and awareness programs that promote sustainable coexistence. These initiatives ensure that Flood Plains National Park continues to play a vital role in Sri Lanka’s ecological landscape.

Park Map

Flood Plains National Park Highlights

Wildlife

Flood Plains National Park in Sri Lanka is a critical wetland ecosystem, home to a rich diversity of species adapted to the seasonal flooding and unique habitats in the area. This park, part of the Mahaweli River Development Project, provides sanctuary to numerous iconic and unique wildlife species, thriving in its floodplains, grasslands, and waterways.

Asian Elephant
This majestic species is one of the key attractions of the park. Asian elephants are social and highly intelligent animals that roam the floodplains in search of food and water. Their presence highlights the park’s importance as a migratory corridor.

Leopard
Though elusive, leopards are apex predators in the park, playing a vital role in maintaining ecological balance. They are often spotted near water sources or resting in shaded areas.

Water Buffalo
These robust mammals are well adapted to the wetland environment and are commonly seen grazing in the open grasslands or wallowing in muddy pools to escape the heat.

Fishing Cat
A nocturnal predator, the fishing cat is highly specialized for hunting in wetland habitats. Its webbed feet and sharp claws make it an efficient hunter of fish and other aquatic prey.

Mugger Crocodile
This large reptile is a dominant predator in the waterways of the park. The mugger crocodile relies on the floodplains for breeding and feeding and is often seen basking along riverbanks.

Smooth-coated Otter
These playful and social creatures thrive in the park’s rivers and wetlands, feeding primarily on fish. They are excellent swimmers and can often be spotted in family groups.

Indian Star Tortoise
This terrestrial species is recognized for its beautiful shell pattern. It can often be found in the drier areas of the floodplains, grazing on vegetation.

Sri Lankan Jackal
This adaptable carnivore often roams the floodplains in search of small prey. Jackals are known for their opportunistic feeding habits and distinctive howls.

Grey Slender Loris
A nocturnal primate, the grey slender loris is often found in the forested areas of the park. With its large, round eyes, it is well adapted to seeing in low-light conditions.

Indian Rock Python
This massive constrictor is nonvenomous and preys on a variety of animals, including mammals and birds. It thrives in the park’s wetlands and grasslands.

Birds

Flood Plains National Park is a haven for birdwatchers, boasting an incredible array of bird species that depend on its wetlands, rivers, and forests for survival.

Painted Stork
This large wading bird is a common sight in the park, recognized for its striking plumage and curved bill. Painted storks forage in shallow waters, feeding on fish and other aquatic creatures.

Spot-billed Pelican
This majestic bird is often seen gliding over water or perched near lakes. Its large bill with a distinctive spot makes it easy to identify.

Black-headed Ibis
A frequent visitor to wetlands, the black-headed ibis uses its long, curved bill to probe the mud for insects, worms, and small aquatic prey.

Asian Openbill
With its unique gap in the beak, this bird is specialized for feeding on aquatic snails. Openbills are commonly found in flooded areas and paddy fields.

Purple Heron
This slender, elegant bird is known for its vibrant purple and chestnut plumage. It stalks prey in shallow water with great patience and precision.

Indian Peafowl
The national bird of India, the Indian peafowl is famous for its vibrant, iridescent tail feathers. These birds are often found in the open areas of the park.

Eurasian Spoonbill
Named for its spoon-shaped bill, this bird uses sweeping movements to catch fish and other prey in shallow waters.

Little Cormorant
A small, agile diving bird, the little cormorant is frequently seen perched with wings spread, drying them after hunting underwater.

Grey-headed Fish Eagle
This raptor is a powerful hunter, often seen perched near water bodies. It feeds mainly on fish but also hunts smaller birds and mammals.

Pheasant-tailed Jacana
Known for its spectacular long tail during breeding season, this bird walks gracefully over floating vegetation in search of insects and small aquatic prey.